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About one third of the world’s population has latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and thus acts as a reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent that causes active TB disease. More than 50 years after the first chemotherapeutic drugs for TB were introduced, the disease remains a leading cause of death and life-threatening illness which disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. The data on TB in correctional facilities remain challenging, as many countries do not integrate prison and national data and disaggregation of the available data is not always  consistent. Worldwide in 2015, there were an estimated 10.4 million new cases of TB and 1.4 million people died from the disease. Comparisons between treatment success rates in the civilian and prison sectors have been severely compromised by the inconsistency of the data and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-) TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-) TB. Although the global rates of new TB cases have been falling since 2005, meeting Millennium Development Goal targets, M/XDR-TB is a concern, with nearly half a million estimated new cases occurring annually.