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Tremendous progress against AIDS over the last 15 years have inspired a global commitment to end the epidemic by 2030. The United Nations General Assembly agreed in June 2016 that ending AIDS by 2030 requires a Fast–Track response to reach three milestones by 2020:

• Reduce new HIV infections to fewer than 500 000 globally by 2020.
• Reduce AIDS-related deaths to fewer than 500 000 globally by 2020.
• Eliminate HIV-related stigma and discrimination by 2020.

Remarkable scale up of antiretroviral therapy has put the world on track to reach the target on AIDS-related deaths. Intensive efforts to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV have achieved steep declines in the annual number of new HIV infections among children, from 290 000 [250 000–350 000] in 2010 to 150 000 [110 000–190 000] in 2015.

However, problems remain with HIV prevention. Declines in new HIV infections among adults have slowed, threatening further progress towards the end of the AIDS epidemic. Since 2010, the annual number of new infections among adults (15+) has remained static at an estimated 1.9 million [2015 range of 1.7 million–2.2 million].

Efforts to reach fewer than 500 000 new HIV infections by 2020 are off track. This simple conclusion sits atop a complex and diverse global tapestry. Data from 146 countries show that some have achieved declines in new HIV infections among adults of 50% or more over the last 10 years, while many others have not made measurable progress, and yet others have experienced worrying increases in new HIV infections.