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The optimal timing for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in individuals infected with HIV-1 has not yet been resolved. The US Department of Health and Human Services and the International Antiviral Society – USA recommend starting ART as close to diagnosis as possible. France and Brazil have recently announced plans to extend therapy to anyone who is infected regardless of clinical or immunologic stage, and several other countries recommend starting ART below a threshold of 500 CD4þ T-cells/ml. On the contrary, the 2012 British HIVAssociation guidelines and the 2103 European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines recommended starting ART in all patients with fewer than 350 CD4þ T-cells/ml, and EACS recommends considering initiation for those with between 350 and 500 CD4þ T-cells/ml unless one of the several clinical conditions is present.